SECTION 1 : QUESTIONS 1-10

Questions 1-4

Complete the notes below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS for each answer.

Notes on sports club

Name of club= kings well

Facilities available: Golf

a 1.................... studio

2 ....................

Classes available : Kick-boxing

3 ..........................

(Additional facility: a 4 .......................... (restaurant opening soon

Questions 5-8

Type: SILVER

Use of faculties: ALL

Cost of classes: 6 ......................... Pounds

Times: FROM 7 ............................. TO 4:30 pm

Joining fee: 255 Pounds

Annual subscription fee: 300 Pounds

Type: BRONZE

Use of faculties: Restricted

 3$ :Cost of classes

Times: from 10.30 am to 3.30 pm weekdays only

Joining fee: 50 Pounds

Annual subscription fee: 8 .............................. Pounds

Questions 9-10

To book a trial session, speak to David 10 .............................. (0458 95311)

SECTION 2: QUESTIONS 11-20

12 ....................... shop

13 ...................... ordinary seats

14 ............................. seats for wheelchair users

15 ............................. lifts

16 ........................ dressing rooms

Questions 17-20

Starting time: 18 .........................pm

Tickets available: for 19 ..........................

Price: £20 .........................

Question 21

Questions 22-25

College Facility: 23 .........................

Information: long waiting list, apply now

College Facility: Fitness center

Information: reduced 24 ...........................for students

College Facility: Computers

Information: ask your 25 ..................... to arrange a password with the technical support team

Questions 26–30

and 27 ...................................

There are materials for working on study skills (e.g. 28 ..........................)

and other subjects include finance and 29.............................

30.......................... membership costs £50 per year.

SECTION 4: QUESTIONS 31-40

Questions 31-37

Period: 5th—10th centuries

Situation: New technology allowed the production of goods made of metal and 32 ..................

Period: 11th century

Situation: Lack of 33 ......................... in the East End encouraged the growth of businesses.

Period: 16th century

Situation: Construction of facilities for the building of  34.....................stimulated international trade.

Period:16th century

Situation: Agricultural workers came from other parts of England to look for 35 ................... work.

Period: 17th century

Situation: Marshes were drained to provide land that could be 36 .................... on

Period: 19th century

Situation: Inhabitants lived in conditions of great 37 .................... with very poor sanitation.

Questions 38–40

Reading Passage 1

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage One.

THE DAMS THAT CHANGED AUSTRALIA

1 ................................... Section One

2 ......................... Section Two

3 ........................... Section Three

4 ............................. Section Four

5 .......................... Section Five

Questions 6-10

Complete the table below.

Choose ONE WORD AND/OR A NUMBER from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 6-10 on your answer sheet.

1840 - Awareness that the 6 ................................. Could not be developed without irrigation

1947 - Dispute between the states on the rivers' future, resulting in a 7 .......................... Premiers' Conference

Year 8 ................

Snowy Mountains Scheme begins Recruitment of 9............................ people from abroad.

YEAR 10 .........................Tumut III Power Station completed

Questions 11-13

Complete the sentences.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet.

Communicating using 11........................... was necessary for the laborers because of the conditions.

The workers reminisced about the 12 ................................. endured in the early days at their reunion.

The Snowy Mountains Scheme was considered an 13 ............................... which altered Australian society thereafter.

Reading Passage 2

POWER FROM THE EARTH

A

Geothermal power refers to the generation of electrical power by making use of heat sources found well below the earth's surface.

As is well-known, if a hole were to be drilled deep into the earth, extremely hot, the molten rock would soon be encountered. At depths of 30 to 50 km, temperatures exceeding 1000 degrees Celsius prevail. Obviously, accessing such temperatures would provide a wonderful source for geothermal power. The problem is, such depths are too difficult to access: drilling down some 30 or more kilometers is simply too costly with today's technology.

B

Fortunately, sufficiently hot temperatures are available at considerably shallower depths. In certain areas, where the earth's surface has been altered over time—through, for example, volcanic activity-temperatures exceeding 300 degrees Celsius can be found at depths of a mere 1 to 3 km, which can be feasibly accessed. These particular areas are potentially ideal for the generation of electricity through geothermal means.

C

It is possible to explain geothermal power generation as a steam power system that utilizes the earth itself as a boiler. When water is sent down to the depths of 1 to 3 km, it returns to the surface as steam and is capable of generating electricity. Electricity generated in this manner hardly produces any carbon dioxide or other waste materials. If the steam and hot water are routed back underground, the generation of electricity can be semi-permanent in nature.

D

Furthermore, geothermal power can provide a stable supply of electricity unlike other natural energy sources such as solar power and wind power, which both rely heavily on weather conditions. Accordingly, the generation of electricity through geothermal power is four to five times more efficient than through solar power.

As for wind power, geothermal power is two times more cost-effective. Only the generation of hydroelectric power comes close— the cost of power production from each is about the same.

E

Although geothermal power generation appears to be the most attractive option, development has been slow. The world's first successful attempt at geothermal power generation was accomplished in Italy in 1904. Power generation in Japan first started in 1925 at Beppu City. Since that time, countries as diverse as Iceland and New Zealand have joined the list of nations making use of this valuable source of energy. In the year 2000, Beppu City hosted the World Geothermal Congress, whose goal was to promote the adoption of geothermal energy production throughout the world.

F

The international geothermal community at the World Geothermal Congress 2000 called upon the governments of nations to make strong commitments to the development of their indigenous geothermal resources for the benefit of their own people, humanity and the environment. However, several factors are still hindering the development of geothermal power generation. Firstly, it has a low density of energy which makes it unsuitable for large-scale production in which, for example, over 1,000,000 kilowatts need to be produced. Secondly, the cost is still high when compared to today's most common sources of energy production: fossil fuels and atomic energy.

G

A further consideration is the amount of risk involved in successfully setting up a new geothermal power production facility. The drill-ing that must extend 2,000 to 3,000 m below the surface must be accurate to within a matter of just a few meters one side or the other of the targeted location. To achieve this, extensive surveys, drilling expertise and time are needed. It is not uncommon for a project to encompass ten years from its planning stage to the start of operations. The extent of the risks involved is clear.

H

Although it has long been considered a resource-poor nation, Japan, which is thought to have about 10% of the world's geothermal resources, may well have considerable advantages for tapping into geothermal power. It does have one of the longest-serving power stations using geothermal energy. The station, built-in 1966, pointed the way to the future when the country was affected by the two global oil shocks in the 1970s. Now there are some 17 plants in operation throughout the country which are responsible for a total output of over 530,000 kilowatts. This figure, though impressive, accounts for a mere 0.4% of Japan's total generation of electricity.

I

Clearly then, further progress needs to be made in the development of geothermal energy. As long as costs remain high in comparison to other sources of energy, geothermal power wilt struggle to match the efficiency of existing power sources. Further research and innovation in the field, as well as government support and a sense of urgency, are needed to help propel geothermal energy towards its promising future.

SECTION 2: QUESTIONS 14-26

Questions 14-19

Reading Passage 2 has nine paragraphs, A-l.

Which paragraph contains the following information?

Write the appropriate letter, A-l, in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.

14 ............................. the history of the development of geothermal power

15 ..........................  one country’s use of geothermal power

16 ...........................  a comparison between various energy sources

17 .......................  how geothermal energy can produce electricity

18 .............................  conditions which permit access to geothermal power

19 ........................problems of geothermal exploration

Questions 20-26

Do the following statements agree with the writer s claims in Reading Passage 2?

In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, write:

21 ........................... The generation of geothermal power produces a considerable amount of by-products that can be damaging to the environment.

22 ....................  The World Geothermal Congress has been able to raise money for research in this area.

23 .......................  Geothermal energy is still relatively expensive lo generate.

24 .......................  It can take a decade to develop a single geothermal power station.

25 ......................... Japan is capable of generating one quarter of its energy needs using geothermal energy.

26 .................... The future of geothermal energy depends upon the decline of fossil fuel resources.

Complete the summary.

Choose NO MORE THAN ONE WORD from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet.

In the UK, every five years, the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) inspects research institutions to determine their rate of 27 ......................

This tends to cause 28 ..........................

in academic institutions because any failure would lead to 29 ........................ - financial consequences.

RAE’s purpose, however, is to increase the academic output within research institutions. In response to the 30 ....................... of RAE, the research institutions are changing the way they do things.

Some are forcing their research staff to 31...........................  almost anything,

while others are moving 32 .............................  from a laboratory focus to that of management.

Another common approach utilized by management is to remove and 33 ..................... underperforming research staff.

The authors of this paper feel that the pressure on UK research institutions is 34 .............................

Questions 35-38

36 .......................  People in the industry seem to understand the long-term nature of research.

 37 ......................... The private sector has produced more in the way of quality research than universities.

Questions 39-40